[Porcupine Date/ Porcupine Bezoar/Porcupine Stone]
Wednesday, 20 November 2013
豪猪(Porcupines)
豪猪是啮齿目(Rodentia)属于豪猪科(Hystricidae)的动物,马来西亚共有四种。它们是马来豪猪(Malayan Porcupine)、扫尾豪猪(Brush-tailed Porcupine)、长尾豪猪(Long-tailed Porcupine)和婆罗小豪猪(Thick-spined porcupine)。其中,马来豪猪及长尾豪猪在东西马都能发现;婆罗小豪猪只出现在东马,而扫尾豪猪只分布于西马。
豪猪就像是大型的老鼠,但背部和尾巴布满刺。平时它们的刺是保持平伏的,当受到威胁时才向上竖起。它们是夜行性的陆栖动物,通常成对活动,住在石缝及洞穴中,食物包括植物的块茎、根及果实等,也曾记录过豪猪啃食动物尸体的骨头。它们会把食物带会其巢穴里。
豪猪在农作园的巢穴常对农作物造成破坏。在凤梨园中,豪猪会取食果实及揉蹋植物。同样地,它也会啃食橡胶园或森林树苗的树皮,造成小树死亡。
马来西亚共有4种豪猪。比起另外两种豪猪,扫尾豪猪及长尾豪猪体型较小,比大型的豪猪体型小近一半,头身长25-40公分,重2-2.5公斤,而扫尾豪猪又比长尾豪猪稍大。扫尾豪猪身体上有平伏的褐色刺,其中混着一些长刺,尾部约20公分长,末端有毛刷般的粗毛。长尾豪猪则看起来像大型的老鼠,身体一般泥褐色,只有平伏的刺,而没有混着长刺,尾巴约20公分长,末端有一丛平伏的长毛。
马来豪猪和婆罗小豪猪头身长55-70公分,重3-7公斤,都有10-20公分的长刺,且尾部有特化短而空心的刺,摇动时会发出响声,两者不易分辨。马来豪猪体色通常是黑色的,有白色的刺,刺的末端有一节黑色。相反的,婆罗小豪猪体色是暗褐色,有暗褐色的刺,刺的末端和基部呈白色。
当马来豪猪受到威胁时,它将竖起和振动身体和尾部的长刺,发出响声,再快速地向后冲撞,将其竖起的长刺插入攻击者的四肢及身体。敌人在面对着一丛长刺时,通常会知难而退。传说豪猪的刺可像箭一样射出,这其实是不确实的,但是它的刺的确很容易脱落。
由于豪猪的肉被认为是佳肴,且豪猪体内的结石(称为枣)又被认为有神奇医疗价值,因此常是人们捕猎的对象。从2005年起,野生动物和国家公园保护局在森美兰州和雪兰莪州已进行着马来豪猪的商业养殖场。
枣或结石(Bezoar Stones,马来文称为Guliga)
长久以来相信动物体内的结石有神奇的功能。虽然许多动物的体内都有这种石头,但每种动物的结石成分和形状都不同,甚至同一种动物的枣形和素质也会相异。一般认为豪猪体内结石攻效很强,用于当作药材伴水服用。以前,枣曾从砂劳越出口至印度。枣石可按照其重量出售,其价格依该石的品质及稀有度而定。
参考资料:http://www.iucnredlist.org/
Encyclopedia of Malaysia. Volume 3
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